The systems of church and society were thoroughly intertwined. After the Gregorian reform the church became a much more solid and autonomous organization. But this did not lessen the interpenetration of jurisdictions. Besides mediating grace and the norms of morality, the church directed many phases of secular life such as education and welfare. Reciprocally, many ecclesiastical decisions that affected life in town and city involved king, prince, or city magistrates. A comparison of papal power vis-à-vis